The Book Report — The Meaning of Everything
Hey, kids! It’s Wednesday, and that means it’s time for another Book Report.
One of the most amazing stories in modern literary history took place on a cool and misty late autumn afternoon in 1896, in the small village of Crowthorne in the county of Berkshire, as reported by American journalist Hayden Church in July of 1915.

No, not this Haden Church
The story is of a conversation between Dr. James Murray, Editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, and the enigmatic Dr. W.C. Minor, who was among the most prolific of the thousands of volunteer contributors whose labors lay at the core of the dictionary’s creation. For very nearly twenty years these two men had corresponded regularly about the finer points of English lexicography, but they had never met. Dr. Minor seemed never willing or able to leave his home at Crowthorne. He was unable to offer any kind of explanation, or to do more than offer his regrets.
Dr. Murray, who himself was rarely free from the burdens of his work at his dictionary headquarters, had nonetheless wished to see and thank his mysterious helper for quite some time. By the late 1890s, with the dictionary well on its way to being half completed, official honors were being showered upon all its creators, and Murray wanted to make sure that all those involved—even men so apparently bashful as Dr. Minor—were recognized for the valuable work they had done. He decided he would pay a visit.
Once he had made up his mind to go, he telegraphed his intentions to arrive by train to Crowthorne just after two on a certain Wednesday in November. Dr. Minor sent a wire by return to say that he was indeed expected and would be made most welcome.
At the railway station a polished coach and a liveried coachman were waiting, and with James Murray aboard they clip-clopped back through the lanes of rural Berkshire. After a couple of miles the carriage turned up a long drive lined with tall poplars, drawing up eventually outside a huge and rather forbidding red-brick mansion. A solemn servant showed the lexicographer upstairs, and into a large room with a glowing coal fire and a wall covered with portraits of gaunt-looking men. There was a large oak director’s desk, and behind it, a portly man of obvious importance. Murray advanced toward the great man, who rose. Murray bowed stiffly and extended his hand.
“I, Sir, and Dr. James Murray of the London Philological Society and editor of the Oxford English Dictionary. And you sir, must be Dr. William Minor. At long last. I am most deeply honoured to meed you.”
There was a brief pause, then the other man replied:
“I regret not, sir. I cannot lay claim to that distinction. I am the Superintendent of the Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum. Dr. Minor is an American, and he is one of our longest-staying inmates. He committed a murder. He is quite insane.”
As the story goes, Doctor Murray—astonished, amazed, and filled with sympathy—begged to be taken to Doctor Minor, “and the meeting between the two men of learning who had corresponded for so long and who now met in such strange circumstances was an extremely impressive one.”
What an amazing story, right? First published in Washington D.C.‘s Sunday Star, and then a few months later in England’s Strand magazine, Hayden’s story of the meeting between Murray and Minor took the literary world by storm.
Unfortunately, the story is nothing more than an amusing fiction.
Lexicography: n, the act of making dictionaries
In 1999, Simon Winchester published The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary, a book of meticulous investigative journalism which tells the full story of Doctors Minor and Murray. In my opinion, the true story is much more interesting than the story published by Church.

Dr. Murray in the Scriptorium
The project of compiling the OED was a daunting one. When James Murray was hired on as editor in 1878, the project had been underway already for nearly twenty-five years in one form or another, but with Dr. Murray as editor, the project gained the proper focus and direction that would lead to its publication in 1928, thirteen years after Murray’s death.
Lexicography is a difficult process. When we want to know what a word means today, we can open any number of dictionaries to find it. We can even simply type in “Define:[word]” on Google, and the search engine will come up with a list of sites that offer definitions for the word. How easy it is to take such a tool for granted.
When Shakespeare wrote his plays, he had no dictionary. He either had to reference from other literature or have an intuitive understanding of the words he chose. It’s an idea somewhat hard to wrap your mind around, isn’t it?
During the compiling of the Oxford English Dictionary, the editors did not have other dictionaries to derive definitions from, because they didn’t exist. What the editors had to do was find as many possible instances of a particular word getting used in a sentence throughout all of literature, compile those sentences together, and determine the proper definition (or definitions) of the word based on how authors used the word in their sentence.
Think about that for a second.
The average human knows about twenty thousand words, merely four percent of all the words compiled in the OED. For the more than half a million words found in the dictionary, the editors would have to browse millions of books to compile enough sentences using each ward to determine a proper definition: an impossible undertaking without volunteers.
Which is exactly what Dr. Murray did.
He sent out letters and listed ads in magazine and newspapers, asking for volunteers. The task of the volunteers was simple: as they conducted their regular reading habits, if they happened upon a word they felt could contribute to the dictionary, they were to write that word down on a slip of paper and include the book they found the word in, as well as the sentence containing the word. The editors would then organize the slips of paper by word, read all of the sentences, determine which sentences best represented the use of that word, and then create a definition of that word using the sentences as examples.
Insanity: n, a spectrum of behaviors characterized by certain abnormal mental or behavioral patterns.
One such volunteer, Dr. William C. Minor, directly contributed to the definitions of around ten thousand words. The only trouble was that Dr. Minor was incurably insane, guilty of committing murder (though legally found not guilty by virtue of insanity), and held at the Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminal Insane “until Her Majesty’s pleasure be known”, which more or less guaranteed a life sentence.

Dr. Minor on the Asylum grounds
Dr. Minor was a victim of schizophrenic paranoia. He recognized that he killed a man, and showed great remorse over the incident, including setting up a large fund to help the widow. During his many lucid states at the Asylum, Dr. Minor would often paint, write, and read. Indeed, his room more resembled a library than a cell in a loony bin. Because he essentially had nothing better to do, Minor devised a system of his own to assist the editors of the dictionary. So while other volunteers may have sent in thousands of slips which may or may not have been useful, Minor’s system allowed the editors to directly request help on words, to which he was readily able to supply the correct references and sentences.
Dr. Minor’s efforts did not go unnoticed by Murray, and they wrote letters to each other regularly and Murray visited often, the pair forming a strange friendship built upon their love of words.
Simon Winchester’s book covers the lives of these two extraordinary men, uncovering the actual details of their first meeting, and ways these two men helped contribute to the most comprehensive dictionary of the English language to appear in print.
Fascinating and impeccably researched, The Professor and the Madman is a great read for anyone who appreciates a lexicography or philology (a love of language), likes history, or just appreciates a damn good yarn. Full of intelligence, horror, and heartbreak, Winchester’s novel is indeed what New York Time Magazine called it: “The literary detective novel of the decade.”




































