Howdy, folks! Welcome back to The Book Report!
Last year about this time, I talked about zombies for Christmas (the topic was kind of a no-brainer). But I have had a few people ask me about where the Christmas holiday came from. So I thought I’d do a little research and help out.
The word “Christmas” is a shortening of the words “Christ Mass”, and comes from the Roman Catholic tradition of celebrating the birth of Jesus on the 25th of December. Is that really when Jesus was born?
Probably not (in fact, very highly likely not). First off, there is the problem of dating AD (anno domini). Traditionally, 1 AD is considered the first year of Jesus’ birth (Latin would translate this into The first Year of our Lord). A Scythian monk named Dionysius Exiguus calculated when this would be using the following parameters:
The Roman Empire counted years from ab urbe condita (“the founding of the City”). So 1 AUC was the year of the founding of the city of Rome. Caesar Augustus took power in 727 AUC, reigned 43 years, and was succeeded by Tiberius. The third chapter of the Gospel of Luke mentions it being the 15th year of Tiberius’s reign, and mentions as well that Jesus was 30 years old when he began his ministry. That would mean Jesus was born in the 28th year of Caesar Augustus’ reign, or 754 AUC.

The trouble with this calculation is that the Gospel of Matthew places the birth of Jesus during the reign of Herod the Great (“Herod the king” Matt 2:1). Herod died in 750 AUC, four years prior to the calculation of Dionysius Exiguus. Now, it is possible that Matthew was referring to Herod Antipas, King Herod’s son. King Herod’s kingdom was divided by the Roman empire into four client states, and Herod Antipas ruled over one of those states under the title of Tetrarch (not king).
It should be noted that the Gospel of Matthew was not an eye-witness account to history. In fact, none of the Gospels were. The earliest written gospel was the Gospel of Mark, written around 65 CE, and even Mark’s gospel was written second-hand, believed to have come from an account related to him by the apostle Peter. The gospels of Matthew and Luke appear to be based on Mark’s Gospel and at least one other unknown document. The Gospel of John was written by an unknown author using testimony from an unknown apostle, who the early church assumed was the apostle John. Scholars generally attribute the Gospel of John to have been written around 90 CE.
So why December 25th, when we don’t know the day, much less the year, of the birth of Jesus?
When the Christian Church gained ascendancy in Rome, it had difficulty competing with the various pagan holidays, rituals, and festivals that people celebrated in the far-flung reaches of the Roman Empire. (The word “pagan” means “country-dweller”, and since “pagans” would be further from the influence of a church centered in more populous regions their traditions would last longer and be more resistant to change.) One such festival was the saturnalia.
The saturnalia (Feast of Saturn) was a week-long celebration, beginning on the 17th of December, where social order was more or less suspended. Courts were closed, and no one could be punished for damaging property or injuring people. Slaves and their masters switched roles during feasts (though within reason; the slave knew he was going to be a slave again at the end of the week, so he wouldn’t take the role reversal too far), and orgies were fairly common. The various communities would appoint a Lord of Misrule from their community for the festival. During that time, the Lord of Misrule could do anything they wanted: lie, steal, sleep with the wives of other men. It was all tolerated in fairly good humor, for at the end of the festival, the Lord of Misrule had his throat slit on the altar of Saturn as a sacrifice for the benefit of all. (Does the tradition of taking everyone’s sins upon his shoulders to be sacrificed sound familiar?)
Also during the festival, drunken revelers would go naked from house to house singing songs (the origin of caroling), presents would be exchanged, and human-shaped biscuits would be eaten (the origin of gingerbread men).
During the 4th century CE, the Church integrated the saturnalia in order to help convert pagans and placed the birth of Jesus to coincide with the end of the festival. Even with the integration into the church, much of the pagan traditions continued (with the fact that we still have caroling and gingerbread men as evidence; naked caroling, anyone?), leading Puritans to ban what they saw as an essentially pagan holiday. Christmas was illegal in the Massachusetts colony until 1681.
Okay, but what about other Christmas traditions?

The Christmas tree idea also comes from pagan tradition. Druidic and other pagan religions included nature worship, and trees that remained green through the winter months were believed to be powerful. So these pagans would take these trees (or cuttings, and make wreaths) into their homes to be decorated, or enshrined. Mistletoe and holly also had the same reputation for power since they too stayed green through the winter months. Mistletoe was thought to be especially powerful, since a cutting stayed fresh long after it was separated from the tree. The tradition of kissing under mistletoe comes from the belief that a maid who kissed someone under the mistletoe would be married to them within the year (which, for a young woman making out with her beau, would be likely anyway).
The origin of Santa Claus is actually pretty interesting (and also ridiculous that it continues, to be honest). Santa Claus is a derivation of the Dutch Sinterklaus, which refers to St. Nicholas. I’m sure we all knew that Santa and St. Nicholas are essentially the same person. So how did we go from a Turkish bishop who died in 345 CE to a jolly, round, gift-giving, sleigh-riding fellow in red who shows up on December 25th?
Many miracles are attributed to St. Nicholas. Church history holds that he was the orphan of wealthy parents who strongly followed the charge of Jesus to “sell what you own and give to the poor”. He used his inheritance to provide for the sick and needy and became a bishop of Mayra, Turkey at a young age.
One story tells of a poor man who had three daughters. Without a dowry to attract a husband, the man had no choice but to sell his daughters into slavery. The legend states that when Nicholas heard of this, he snuck up to the man’s window and tossed three sacks of gold into the stockings of the daughters, which were drying by the fire. The story inspired the tradition of hanging stockings on the mantle, and the church used St. Nicholas’ gift-giving to help supplant the gift-giving traditions of the saturnalia. In a further bid to attract pagans, they merged the Saint with Woden, a pagan deity who rode his horse across the sky one evening each autumn.
Now we have a gift-giving saint who rides the skies connected to the Christianized version of the saturnalia, dubbed Christ Mass.
In 1809 Washington Irving referred to the flying horse-riding Saint several times in his satire of Dutch Culture Knickerbocker History, using Sinterklaus as his name. In 1822, Dr. Clement Clarke Moore published his poem A Visit From St. Nicholas, using some of Irving’s imagery. Modern readers might recognize the poem as ‘Twas the Night Before Christmas. Images of this Santa Claus, however, still portrayed the Saint in liturgical wear. Then Bavarian illustrator Thomas Nast drew more than 2,000 cartoon images of Santa for Harper’s Weekly between 1862 and 1886.

Nast’s illustrations placed Santa’s home at the North Pole, had his toy workshop full of elves, and showed his lists of good and bad children for the year.
The final look for Santa Claus happened in 1931, when the Coca-Cola company hired Swedish artist Haddon Sundblom to paint a Coke-drinking Santa. Using Clarke’s poem and Nast’s images, Sundblom firmly entrenched in everyone’s mind the idea that Santa wears a red suit with white trim, all thanks to Coca-Cola. What we’re left with is a Santa blend of Christian and pagan religions with commercialism. Which is pretty much what Christmas is about these days.

Sundblom’s Final Illustration of “Santa”, in 1972
Merry Christmas, everyone!
Until next time,
Still paddin’ the old knew…
_-Akatzen-_